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Maltese Laws |
AN ACT to amend the Civil Code, Cap. 16.
BE IT ENACTED by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the House of Representatives in this present Parliament assembled, and with the authority of the same, as follows:
(2) This Act shall come into force on such date as the Minister responsible for justice may appoint by notice in the Gazette and different dates may be appointed for different purposes and provisions of this Act.
"PRELIMINARY
Persons. 1A. (1) Persons may either be natural persons or legal persons.
(2) When used in any law the term "person" shall include both natural persons as well as legal persons, unless the
context otherwise requires.
(3) Natural persons are regulated by Title
I to Title VIII of Book First of this Code.
Short title and commencement.
Addition of new heading and
new article 1A
to the Code.
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(4) Legal persons are regulated by the
Second Schedule to this Code.
(5) Legal persons enjoy all rights and powers pertaining to natural persons except those excluded by their very nature, by their
constitutive act or by an express provision of law.".
Amendment of article 761 of the Code.
Amendment of article 922 of the Code.
Amendment of article 958B of the Code.
"(3) Subarticle (1) shall not apply to dispositions in favour of persons called to benefit under a trust or a foundation."
(a) paragraph (a) of subarticle (9) shall be substituted by the following new paragraph:
"(a) a person claiming the legitim from a trustee, the heirs or any other person, in relation to property settled in trust, shall
lose any benefit under the trust";
(b) subarticle (11) shall be amended as follows:
(i) paragraph (a) thereof shall substituted by the following new paragraph:
"(a) the beneficiary shall not be entitled to demand the reduction of the trust settled in his favour and claim the legitim
from the trustee or from the heirs or any other person except that if the property settled in trust is not equal to or more
than the legitim, such person may request against any person other than the trustee that the sum due to him by way of legitim be
placed under the trust settled in his favour; and"; and
(ii) for the word "settlor." in paragraph (b) thereof, there shall be substituted the words "settlor;
and" and the following new paragraph shall be added immediately thereafter:
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"(c) the trustee shall be deemed to have the power and legal interest to pursue any claim for legitim due to the beneficiary
against any other person and to receive any sum due into the trust established for the purposes of this subarticle."; and
(c) the following new subarticle shall be added after subarticle (13):
"(14) The settlement and holding of property under trusts shall not be considered to be in breach of the mandatory provisions
of law relating to the reserved portion of any person if the trust is to hold property:
(a) temporarily and unconditionally for a person entitled thereto under fixed trusts; or
(b) until a calculation is made to establish the reserved portion and thereafter to hold the same under fixed trust
for or to distribute the said reserved portion to the person entitled thereto; or
(c) for a person who suffers from a mental or physical disability in terms of subarticle (11).".
"(4) When the creditor is a foundation or a trustee, it shall however be lawful for the parties to the contract to establish the terms for redemption of any annuity governed by Title XI of Book Second of this Code, including the fixing of the rate of redemption, the period before which it may not be redeemed, at whose option it may be redeemed and similar matters and may even prohibit such redemption by express terms.".
"Furthermore, but subject to any contrary agreement pursuant to the provisions of article 1696(4), the same rule shall apply if the annuity has been constituted for the benefit of a social purpose foundation or of a charitable trust.".
Amendment of article 1696 of the Code relating.
Amendment of article 1698 of the Code.
Addition of new article to the Code.
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added the following new article:
"Gratuitous transfer made without animus donandi.
1740B. Any gratuitous transfer made without animus donandi on the part of the transferor to the transferee, including -
(a) any settlement of property under trusts, or
(b) any gratuitous assignment, transfer or contribution of capital or assets by a parent undertaking to its subsidiary undertaking,
the consideration of which being the investment in or the funding of a subsidiary undertaking or the corporate or commercial benefit
of a group of companies of which the said parent undertaking and the subsidiary undertaking form part:
Provided that such assignment, transfer or contribution shall on the pain of nullity be expressed in writing; for the purpose of this
paragraph, "subsidiary undertaking" shall be deemed to include any subsidiary undertaking or undertakings of a subsidiary
undertaking; or
(c) any transfer or assignment of property by way of security for the performance of an obligation,
shall not be governed by the provisions of this Title and in particular shall not be subject to the formalities required by article
1753.".
Substitution of article 1785 of the Code.
Amendment of article 2095D of the Code.
"1785. A donation can only be revoked in virtue of a resolutive condition, express or implied, according to the provisions of articles
1066, 1067, 1068 and 1069, or for ingratitude or, in case of
endowments to organisations established in accordance with the Second Schedule, in virtue of the provisions regulating the revocation
of foundations and of endowments made to an organisation.".
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the trust instrument (or any written agreement entered into by the trustee) expressly states that a particular annuity shall be governed
by the provisions of the said Title.".
(2) Immediately after the First Schedule, as retitled, there shall be added the "Second Schedule" which appears in the Schedule to this Act.
Addition of new schedule to the Code.
(a) article 50 shall be amended as follows:
(i) in paragraph (l) of subarticle (1), for the words "as defined in the said Act." there shall be substituted
the words "as defined in the said Act;" and immediately thereafter there shall be added the following new paragraph:
"(m) any act whereby a private foundation is established."; and
(b) immediately after subarticle (8), there shall be added the following new subarticle (9):
"(9) In the case of a deed creating a private foundation, the note shall only contain the date and nature of the act and the
designation of the founder in accordance with article 28(1)(c):
Provided that the Notary shall have no obligation and shall not register such note if the founder has exempted him from so doing in
the deed establishing the foundation and the administrator is a person who is authorised or not required to be authorised to act
as an administrator for a private foundation in terms of article 43 of the Trusts and Trustees Act.";
(c) immediately after article 68A, there shall be added
Amendment to the Notarial Profession and Notarial Archives Act. Cap. 55.
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the following new article:
"Notarial deed creating a private foundation.
"68B. The provisions of article 68A shall apply mutatis mutandis to a notarial deed creating a private foundation."; and
(d) immediately after article 84A, there shall be added the following new article:
"Notarial deed creating a private foundation.
"84B. The provisions of article 84A shall apply mutatis mutandis to a notarial deed creating a private foundation.".
Addition of new articles to the Income Tax Act. Cap. 123.
"Regulations in relation to tax treatment of a foundation.
Regulations in relation to the conversion
of a legal person into another legal form.
Amendment to the Interpretation Act.
Cap. 249.
Addition of new articles to the Duty on Documents and Transfers Act. Cap. 364.
"(d) the expression "person" shall include a body or other association of persons whether granted legal personality, in accordance with the provisions of the Second Schedule to the Civil Code, or not.".
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and Transfers Act there shall be added the following new articles:
"Found- ations treated as trusts.
Regulations in relation
to transfers.
32C. (1) The administrators of a foundation may elect that the foundation be treated as a trust in so far as relates
to transactions of the same type as those referred to in article 32B between the founder and the foundation and between the foundation
and any beneficiaries. In such case the provisions of this Act relating to trusts shall apply to foundations mutatis mutandis.
(2) The Minister may make regulations generally for the carrying out of the provisions of this article including the application
of the provisions of this Act relating to trusts to a foundation as aforesaid as well as to any persons who are donors of
property to such foundation or are beneficiaries under such foundation.
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Preliminary and definitions.
(2) Legal personality is the status granted by law to an organisation which is established for a lawful purpose stated in
writing in a constitutive instrument, which has a patrimony of assets and liabilities, separate and distinct from that of any other
person and the legal powers to achieve such purpose through the administration of its own governing body.
(3) Legal personality exists when an organisation is recognised or is established as a legal person by a special law or it is
registered in terms of the provisions of this Schedule or any other special law which grants legal personality.
(4) In confirmation of the freedom of association guaranteed by the Constitution and the laws of Malta, an association of persons
shall not be required to qualify as a legal person as a pre-condition for such association of persons to carry on any lawful activities
pursuant to any purpose for which it has been established.
(5) Any person has a right to establish legal organisations as long as that person complies with the prescribed rules as to form
and content.
(6) Organisations may be public or private.
(7) Public organisations and their administrators are governed by the law applicable to the State and the public service, and any
other special laws applicable to the particular organisations. When the State makes use of forms of legal organisations governed
by Title III of this Schedule or by the provisions of any special law, the provisions applicable to the particular legal
form shall apply.
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(8) Private organisations are governed by the provisions of Title III of this Schedule, as may be applicable, and the special laws
which may be applicable to their legal form and their purpose.
(9) In this Schedule -
(a) any reference to "the Court" shall be deemed to be a reference to the Civil Court in its voluntary jurisdiction
unless it is otherwise expressly stated; and
(b) the terms "non-profit making", "social purpose" and "public collection" shall have the same
meaning as assigned to them in the Voluntary Organisations, 2006.
(2) International organisations which are afforded legal personality in any multilateral or bilateral treaty to which the State is
a party shall be recognised as legal persons for all purposes of law. The Minister responsible for justice shall, from time to time,
publish a list of such organisations in the Gazette.
(3) The law applicable to the establishment of such foreign or international organisations shall apply to all matters regarding
such legal persons, including their existence, the construction and effects of their deed of establishment and their administration
and, to the extent that an international organisation is the subject of a special law following the ratification by the State of
the treaty establishing such organisation, such organisation shall also be governed by such law or treaty.
(4) Unless exempted by express provision of law, any foreign or international organisation, whether vested with legal personality
or not, which carries on an activity in Malta on a regular basis is required to register with the Registrar for Legal
Persons, appointed under article 11 of this Schedule, prior to commencing its activities. For the purposes of this article
"regular activity" means activity having a duration of more than three months or which is carried out through a permanent
establishment in Malta.
Foreign and international organisations.
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Recognition of legal persons.
General rules applicable to legal persons.
(2) When organisations are created by voluntary act, they shall be established in accordance with such legal forms as the
law provides for.
(3) An organisation shall only be recognised as a legal person if it complies with such formalities as are applicable to the legal
form selected for its establishment and registration.
(4) Organisations created by voluntary act, whether registered or not, are primarily governed by the laws applicable to
their particular legal form or to their purpose or both and, where the provisions of special laws or provisions of other parts of
this Code do not provide on any matter provided for in this Title, also by the provisions of this Schedule.
(5) Organisations which do not enjoy legal personality shall only have such rights and powers as are granted to them by or in pursuance
of the express provisions of law.
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(2) Every legal person must be identifiable by a unique name which is assigned to it on the date on which it is constituted, and
under which it exercises rights and performs its obligations. Such name may be changed following the procedure established by law.
Any name must conform to law and include, where required, a denomination that clearly indicates the legal form assumed by the legal
person.
(3) Every legal person shall have an address in Malta where communications can be received and information requested about its activities.
(4) Legal persons act through their organs, such as a board of administrators, directors or trustees and, to the extent that it
has members, the general meeting of members on matters designated to such organ.
(5) Legal and judicial representation of a legal person shall be vested in the manner stated in the statute of the organisation
or the applicable law and the administrators shall be deemed to enjoy the power to delegate such powers of representation
by means of a written resolution or written power of attorney in favour of any third parties. The administrators of a legal person
bind it to the extent of the powers vested in them by law, the constitutive act and any bye- laws or as otherwise stated in the law
applicable to their particular legal form:
Provided that any limitation in the powers of the administrators shall not be relied upon as against third parties in good faith irrespective
of whether such limitation, published or not, arises from the deed of constitution or from any internal decision, unless it is proved
that such third party was aware that the act was in breach of the limitation.
(6) Every legal person must have at least one administrator who may act on its behalf and in the absence of at least
one incumbent in the office of administrator, the Attorney General or any other interested person shall be entitled to request
the Court to appoint an administrator for such purposes, for such time and under such conditions as the Court considers appropriate.
(7) Except as otherwise stated in any special law, a legal person may ratify any act done in its name before it was registered.
Upon ratification the legal person is bound by the obligations entered into by the person who acted in its name and shall be entitled
to all rights. The ratification shall not constitute a novation unless the other party to the transaction expressly releases the
person acting in the
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name of the legal person from the obligations assumed by it:
Provided that a person acting for a legal person before it is constituted shall not be bound personally if the contract stipulates
otherwise or includes a statement to the effect that the agreement is conditional upon the legal person coming into existence or
that the legal person might not be constituted or may not assume the obligations undertaken in the contract.
(8) Legal persons may not exercise tutorship or curatorship to a person. They may, however, to the extent that they are authorised
by law to act as such, hold office as trustee or curator of property. They may also act as a liquidator or executor of a
will, an official consignee, a judicial sequestrator, a trustee or an administrator of another legal person.
(9) Legal persons may be the beneficiaries of dispositions under wills as well as donations subject to the following provisions:
(a) testamentary dispositions in favour of unregistered organisations shall not come into effect, and to the extent performed
shall be revocable on demand of any person interested in the will unless an application for the registration of such organisation
is made in terms of the applicable law within one year from the day of the opening of succession;
(b) donations made to an organisation shall be deemed to be made on the assumption that it is registered or will be registered
and shall not come into effect, and to the extent performed shall be revocable on demand of the donor, unless an application for
the registration of such organisation is made in terms of the applicable law within one year from the donation;
(c) the administrators who have been informed of their engagement and accept the same shall effect such registration within the
period above stated; and
(d) the Court shall have the power to extend such time limit on application of any administrator or other interested party
at its discretion.
(10) Subject to particular rules applicable to legal persons of a particular legal form, legal personality may not be set up against
a person in good faith in order to perpetrate fraud, abuse of right or non-observance of a rule of law of mandatory application or
of public order.
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(2) Legal persons constituted directly by or in terms of a special law exist from the date of the coming into force of
the law or from the date prescribed therein. In other cases, legal persons exist from the date of registration or from such other
date provided for in the laws that are applicable to their particular legal form.
(3) Legal persons cease to exist with effect from the date when they are struck off from the relevant register in accordance with
the laws applicable to their particular legal form.
(4) Without prejudice to the rules applicable to legal persons of a particular legal form, on the application to the Court of any
interested person or the Registrar, the Court may, failing the taking of such relevant actions by the legal person or its officers
according to the applicable law, order the striking off from the register of the legal person in the following cases:
(a) when the persons vested with such authority so determine in accordance with the constitutive act; or
(b) upon the happening of the events expressly stated to have such effect -
(i) in the constitutive act; or
(ii) in the laws that are applicable to their particular legal form; or
(c) when the purpose for which they have been established has been achieved, exhausted or has become impossible;
or
(d) when there is no administrator in office for a period exceeding six months; or
(e) when there are no longer any registered members in case of an association or no beneficiary in case of a private foundation.
Duration of legal persons.
Legal persons existing prior to relevant date.
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unless -
(a) such continuing status is subject to registration in terms of this Schedule or any special law, is required in a notice issued
by the Minister responsible for justice and published in the Gazette and registration is not effected within the time provided for
in such notice, in which case they shall cease to be recognised as legal persons with effect from the lapse of such date, or
(b) they otherwise cease to exist according to law.
(2) All foundations, hereinafter referred to as an "existing foundation", created by public deed and existing on the relevant
date shall be deemed to have had legal personality from the date of their establishment but shall be bound to register as legal persons
in terms of this Schedule within two calendar years of the relevant date.
(3) Notwithstanding that an existing foundation fails to register as required by subarticle (2), such existing foundation
shall continue to enjoy legal personality in accordance with subarticle (1) but such foundation, as well as its administrators, shall
be governed by the provisions of this Schedule applicable to unregistered organisations with effect from the lapse of the
two-year period referred to in subarticle (2).
Cap. 249.
(4) Pious foundations and marriage legacies shall not be bound to register and shall continue to enjoy legal personality until they
are wound up. These foundations shall be governed by the provisions of this Schedule applicable to unregistered organisations with
immediate effect, unless registered.
(5) Associations, hereinafter referred to as "existing associations" established in writing before the relevant date
which are considered to be legal persons in accordance with the provisions of the Interpretation Act shall continue to be considered as legal persons although they are not registered; however existing associations which do not register
as legal persons, as well as their administrators, shall be governed by the provisions of this Schedule applicable to unregistered
organisations with effect from the lapse of one calendar year from the relevant date.
(6) In this Schedule the reference to "pious foundation" comprises -
(a) an autonomous pious foundation, that is, an aggregate of things destined for pious or religious purposes and established
as juridical persons by the competent ecclesiastical
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or other religious authorities;
(b) non-autonomous pious foundations, that is, temporal goods given in any way to a public juridical person established by the
competent ecclesiastical or other religious authorities and carrying with it a long term obligation, such period to be determined
by the relevant canon or other religious law or rule and where the obligation consists of binding the juridical person, from
the annual income, to celebrate Masses or other religious ceremonies, to perform other determined ecclesiastical functions, or in
some other way to fulfil the pious or religious purposes as defined by the applicable religious laws or rules;
and "pious or religious purposes" are understood to be those which concern acts of piety, of the apostolate or of charity,
whether spiritual or temporal.
(2) For the purposes of this Schedule, "administrator" means an officer or a person who is appointed to control and administer
an organisation including a governor, a director, a trustee or a committee member and any person who carries out such functions even
if under another name.
(3) The statute shall designate the first administrators or, if not designated, how administrators are appointed and removed.
(4) Subject to the terms under which they are engaged, administrators are bound by fiduciary obligations as stated in article
1124A of the Code.
(a) the office of treasurer, deputy treasurer or assistant treasurer or a similar office of an organisation; or
Appointment of administrators.
Disqualification for appointment. Cap. 9.
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(b) any other office in such organisation the holder of which is responsible for the collection, disbursement, custody or control
of the assets of the organisation or for its accounts; or
(c) an auditor of such organisation.
(2) Persons who are subject to a disqualification order issued by the Court in terms of subarticle (3) shall not act in such capacities
and for such times as are stated in the order.
Removal of administrators.
(3) The Court may disqualify any person from activity as an administrator of an organisation, or rehabilitate such person in accordance with regulations which may be made by the Minister responsible for justice from time to time.
Provided that, notwithstanding any provision of the statute of an organisation, any action intended to remove an administrator on
such grounds shall be preceded by a notice in writing to such person stating the alleged reasons for such removal and providing
such person with a reasonable opportunity to defend himself and rebut the allegations.
(2) Removal of an administrator shall take place in accordance with the statute of the organisation. After exhausting all applicable
remedies within the organisation, any person who demonstrates an interest may apply to the Court with a request for removal of an
administrator and the Court shall issue such orders as it deems necessary after hearing the applicant and the administrator and considering
any other relevant evidence.
(3) The Court may, when it orders the removal of an administrator, name a temporary or definitive administrator or administrators
in substitution when it appears to the Court that the method of appointment as stated in the statute will not result in an effective
and immediate appointment of a substitute administrator or administrators.
(4) Any provision in a statute to the effect that an administrator may not be removed for the reasons mentioned
in subarticle (1) shall be null and void.
(5) The Court may impose disqualification in terms of article 8 of this Schedule in any case where it orders the removal of an administrator.
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(6) The powers of the Court referred to in this article may be exercised by any Court appraised of proceedings involving an administrator.
(b) all income and expenditure,
of the organisation for annual financial periods.
(2) Administrators shall prepare such accounts and reports at such times and with such form and content as may be prescribed or
as may be applicable to their particular legal form. Such accounts and reports shall be reviewed as may be prescribed or as may be
required by applicable law.
(3) Such accounts, reports and records shall be held for a period of ten years after the relevant annual period to which
they refer, or for such other period imposed in relation to an organisation under any special law applicable to its legal form.
Records, accounts and reports.
(2) The Minister may also appoint persons as Deputy Registrars to assist the Registrar conferring on such persons
all or any of the powers of the Registrar under this Title.
(3) The Minister may make regulations laying down the functions and powers of the Registrar.
(4) The Registrar shall be bound to notify decisions he may take refusing applications to register organisations in writing, providing
the reasons for his decision. Any person or organisation which is aggrieved by any decision of the Registrar may appeal to the Court
from the decision within thirty days of receipt thereof or where there is no response to an application to the Registrar to register
an organisation, after forty-five days from the date of application to register.
Power of the Minister to appoint Registrar.
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Registration. 12. (1) Organisations may be registered in such manner as may from time to time be provided in this Schedule or in the law that is applicable to their particular legal form.
(2) In the absence of provisions on registration in relation to any form of organisation which may be granted legal personality
by any law, organisations shall be registered at the Public Registry in accordance with the provisions of this Title or of any regulations.
(3) Where an organisation may acquire legal personality through registration in a public registry under any other
law applicable to its form, it shall not be lawful to register such an organisation in terms of this Sub-Title.
(4) Except for public organisations and other organisations which are already registered and have legal personality as a result
thereof, the enrolment of an organisation with or the issue of a certificate or licence by the State which, in terms of any applicable
law, grants legal personality to the organisation shall be interpreted as requiring, as an additional condition thereof, the registration
of such organisation in terms of this Schedule.
(5) It shall be a condition for registration of any organisation the administrator or administrators of which are not ordinarily
resident in Malta, to appoint and retain at all times, a person who is ordinarily resident in Malta to act as judicial representative
of such organisation in Malta and this for all purposes of any law in Malta.
(6) A certificate of registration given in respect of an organisation is conclusive evidence that the requirements
of this Schedule in respect of registration and of matters precedent and incidental to it have been complied with and that the organisation
is duly registered in terms of this Schedule.
Unregistered
Organisations.
(2) The instrument in writing establishing an unregistered
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organisation shall contain, on pain of nullity, an express statement of a specific purpose or purposes for which the organisation
has been established, which purposes shall be construed restrictively.
(3) Without prejudice to the right of association of any person and the right of any person to establish an organisation, an association
of persons or the appropriation of property to a purpose which is not in written form is not recognised for the purposes of this
Schedule.
(4) The following organisations shall not be treated as unregistered organisations for the purposes of this Schedule although they
are not registered:
(a) any organisation which is already registered pursuant to a special law regulating its form resulting in legal personality;
(b) public organisations, except those public organisations which have been established in a legal form which requires registration,
if they are not registered; and
(c) international organisations not obliged to register in
Malta,
each of which shall be regulated by any special law applicable to their particular form.
(2) An unregistered organisation may enter into transactions in relation to movable or immovable and other registerable property,
may open bank accounts and may engage persons and contractors to provide services it may require, strictly for the achievement of
the express purposes of the organisation.
(3) An unregistered organisation may enter into contracts in its own name.
(4) An unregistered organisation may be sued in its own name and is represented in legal proceedings by any administrator. An unregistered
organisation may sue in its own name and is represented by the person who, in terms of the statute, enjoys such power or in the absence
of such appointment, by the sole administrator or, if there is more than one, by any two administrators.
Powers of an unregistered organisation.
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(5) An unregistered organisation may not establish another organisation unless the other organisation is registered.
Management and property rights in unregistered organisations.
(6) The powers of an unregistered organisation shall be construed as being limited strictly to what is necessary for the administration of the organisation and the fulfilment of the purposes for which it is expressly established and only to achieve such purposes.
(2) The contributions of the promoters and assets acquired by such contributions constitute the patrimony of the unregistered organisation.
Any obligations undertaken by the unregistered organisation may be enforced against such patrimony without prejudice to the liability
of other persons for such obligations.
(3) Any property acquired by an unregistered organisation shall, unless otherwise stated in its statute, be deemed to be held
in co-ownership between the promoters according to the rates of contribution:
Provided that a promoter may only demand the division of such patrimony and withdraw his contribution from an unregistered organisation
when the organisation is terminated and all obligations towards third parties are performed.
(4) In the case of an unregistered organisation established for a social purpose or otherwise as a non-profit making organisation,
any property appropriated or endowed to such purpose shall be held by the administrators as fiduciaries and shall be available only
for the social or other lawful purpose stated in the statute. On dissolution of the organisation, the property must be applied in
favour of such social or other purpose or as provided in its statute, failing which it shall devolve in favour of such organisation
as may be designated by the Minister responsible for social policy by notice published in the Gazette which shall apply the same
to a similar purpose or as may be provided in applicable law.
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(2) The promoters and members of a registered organisation are liable towards the legal person for anything they have bound themselves
to contribute to it in writing, unless otherwise provided by law.
(3) In case of unlawful acts, a Court may, on the application of any interested party, declare the founders, promoters, administrators
or members who have consented to or otherwise have knowingly taken part in the unlawful act to the detriment of the legal person,
as personally liable for any damage suffered by the legal person.
(4) The administrator of a registered organisation shall not be personally liable for the obligations of the organisation except
in the following cases:
Responsibility of persons involved in registered organisations.
if -
(a) to third parties for the obligations of the organisation
(i) he is guilty of fraud or bad faith in entering into any obligations;
(ii) he has entered into obligations in favour of third parties at a time when he knew or ought to have known that there was no
reasonable prospect that the organisation would avoid being wound up due to insolvency;
(b) to the organisation for the performance of the obligations that he has entered into on its behalf, without being entitled to
the benefits, and for any benefit which accrues to him personally, if he has failed to declare a personal interest or a conflict
of interest;
(c) to the organisation to account for any loss if he has acted in breach of duty as stated in the statute or this Schedule in
bad faith or has been negligent in the carrying on of his duties;
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(d) to the beneficiaries of an organisation or the Attorney General on their behalf, if he has acted as stated in
paragraph (c) or in a situation where there is a conflict of interest:
Provided that nothing in this subarticle shall render an administrator liable more than once for the same act.
(5) In those cases where an organisation has more than one administrator, the responsibility of the administrators shall be joint
and several unless some particular duty has been exclusively entrusted to one particular administrator, in which case only
he shall be liable.
(6) An administrator shall not be liable for the acts of another administrator if he shows that he was not aware of the breach at
the time of its occurrence and on becoming aware of it he signified his dissent in writing without delay and took all reasonable
measures to hinder the continuation of the breach or knowing of the intended breach he took all reasonable measures to avoid its
occurrence.
Responsibility of persons involved in unregistered organisations.
(7) Any provision in the statute of the organisation or any agreement exonerating an administrator from liability for wilful misconduct, gross negligence or breach of duty shall be null and void.
(a) to keep the property of the unregistered organisation identified as such and distinct from their own personal property and
other property they may be administering;
(b) for the preservation of any property received;
(c) for the use of assets to the fulfilment of the purposes expressly stated in the statute of the unregistered organisation;
and
(d) to ensure, to the extent possible, considering their functions, observance of the law applicable to the unregistered organisation
and its activities.
(2) Without prejudice to the availability of assets of an unregistered organisation for the fulfilment of its obligations,
members and supporters of an unregistered organisation shall only be liable for the obligations expressly undertaken by them in the
statute or any subscription document.
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(3) The promoters of an unregistered organisation as well as the administrators, whether still in office or otherwise, shall be
jointly and severally liable among themselves and with the organisation for any of its liabilities incurred after the coming into
force of this provision and for the observance of all legal requirements in relation to the activities of such organisation:
Provided that the liability of an administrator shall be limited to liabilities incurred and performance of obligations while such
administrator was in office:
Provided further that, except in the case of fraud, the liability of the promoters and the administrators for the obligations of the
unregistered organisation shall be in subsidium and they shall enjoy the benefit of discussion of the property of the organisation prior to being personally obliged to fulfil obligations.
Promoters and administrators may not waive such benefit and any waiver of such benefit shall be unenforceable.
(4) Where the liability of members and administrators of an organisation having a particular legal form is regulated specifically
by a provision of this Schedule or any special law, such provisions shall prevail over the provisions of this article.
Acting in the name of an inexistent organisation.
(2) An organisation shall be liable for the fulfilment of its obligations with all its present and future assets and shall not be
liable for the obligations of any other person except to the extent that it expressly agrees to be so liable.
(3) An endowment of property shall be subject to reduction or revocation to the extent it is in conflict with any rules of mandatory
application or in terms of article 1144 of the Code if it is detrimental
Liability of an organisation.
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to the rights of a creditor:
Provided that an administrator who has acted in good faith shall not be liable to account for any assets paid out, distributed or
expended in accordance with the statute of the organisation without knowledge of the claim by the third party.
(4) The rules in subarticles (2) and (3) shall mutatis mutandis apply to unregistered organisation, without prejudice to the personal liability of its administrators or other persons as stated in
this Schedule.
(5) A registered organisation may, unless prohibited by its statute, establish other organisations, of any legal form, to achieve
all or any of the purposes for which it has been established, whether the latter constitute legal persons or not.
(6) When a registered organisation establishes other organisations which are registered as legal persons and maintains control over
them, the organisations shall constitute a group of organisations for the purposes of this Schedule. An organisation shall be deemed
to control another organisation if the administrators of the first have the power to appoint or remove the administrators of the
second, or if this power has been vested in another person, persons or organ of the second organisation, if the administrators of
the first have the power to amend or revoke the vesting of such power.
(7) An organisation forming part of a group of organisations, whether as founder or as a member of the group, shall not be liable
for the obligations of other members of the group except to the extent it expressly undertakes in writing or as otherwise provided
in any provision of this Code.
(8) The liability of all foreign or international organisations which are controlled and administered in Malta or whose principal
activities are in Malta, as well as that of their administrators, shall be subject to the preceding provision in so far as their
administration in Malta is concerned, subject however to any provisions of any special law applicable to them.
Segregated cells within
registered
organisations.
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segregated cells, or equivalent features, such provisions shall prevail over the provisions of this article.
(2) A segregated cell within a registered organisation exists when established formally:
(a) by the statute of the organisation on creation of the organisation; or
(b) subsequently, by the administrators pursuant to a power vested in them by the statute.
(3) A segregated cell shall not be a legal person and nor shall it be eligible for registration as a legal person.
(4) A segregated cell is established subsequently to the creation of an organisation when the following conditions are observed:
(a) the organisation is authorised by its statute to establish segregated cells for the achievement of one or more defined
purposes which are consistent with the main purposes of the organisation;
(b) the administrators of the organisation resolve in writing to establish such cell; and
(c) a notice relating to the establishment of a segregated cell is delivered to the Registrar for registration.
(5) Segregated cells may only be established for periods in excess of a financial year and must be reflected in the accounts of
the organisation for at least one financial year.
(6) When a segregated cell is established -
(a) the assets and liabilities of the cell shall constitute a distinct patrimony which shall be distinct from all other assets
and liabilities of the organisation or other cells which may be established;
(b) the assets of such cell shall be available for the fulfilment of any obligations undertaken by the organisation in relation
to that cell but not for any other liabilities entered into by the organisation for itself or in respect of other cells;
(c) the general assets of an organisation shall not be available for the fulfilment of the obligations undertaken in
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relation to the cell.
(7) When a segregated cell is established the assets of the cell must be segregated from all other assets of the organisation and
are held and administered separately and distinct accounts must be maintained in accordance with applicable law in relation to each
cell. The existence or termination of each cell must be disclosed in the reports and accounts of the organisation.
(8) The legal effects stated in subarticle (6) shall arise only if - (a) all activities relating to a cell shall be undertaken
in
a manner that it is expressly disclosed to third parties that the
activities are those in respect of the particular cell;
(b) no statement or representation is made by the administrators of the organisation to the effect that the organisation is liable
for the obligations undertaken in respect of the cell;
(c) the cell is established in accordance with this article and all relative procedures and formalities are observed at all times.
Conversion of legal persons of one legal form into another legal form and to trusts.
(9) The rules, including without limitation the rules applicable to dissolution and winding up, applicable to the legal form of an organisation within which a cell is established shall apply to the cell as though the cell were itself a registered organisation of the same legal form. The winding up of a cell due to its inability to honour its debts shall not affect the continuing operation of the organisation or other cells in any manner whatsoever and the appointment of a receiver or liquidator for a cell shall not affect the powers of the directors in relation to the organisation or any other cells.
(2) When a legal person in one form is converted into another form it shall not be necessary to dissolve and wind up the legal person
and such legal person shall continue to exist as the same legal person with all rights and subject to all obligations existing prior
to the conversion.
(3) It shall also be lawful to convert a registered organisation into a trust for the benefit of the persons beneficially interested
in the organisation by following the procedures which may be laid down in
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any regulations made by the Minister responsible for justice in terms of this article.
(4) When a legal person is converted into a trust, the trustee shall succeed to all rights and obligations of the legal person and
it shall not be required to dissolve and wind up the legal person as required by the applicable law. The legal person shall be struck
off from the register in which it is registered subject to the conditions as may be laid down by regulations.
(5) The conversion of a legal person into another form or into a trust shall not operate to prejudice any creditor or third party
in any manner whatsoever.
22. (1) It shall be lawful to amalgamate two or more organisations into one and to divide an organisation into two or more organisations.
For this purpose the provisions of the Companies Act shall mutatis mutandis apply and the functions of the general meeting, in case of foundations, shall be carried out by the administrators and any persons
whose consent is required for material decisions to be taken by the administrators.
(2) The provisions of fiscal law which apply to amalgamations and divisions of companies shall mutatis mutandis apply to amalgamations and divisions of any other legal form of a registered organisation.
(2) For the purpose of this article "public collection" shall have the same meaning as is assigned to it in the Public Collections Act.
Amalgamation and division of legal persons. Cap. 386.
Public collections.
Cap. 279.
(a) establish the contents of statutes of organisations;
(b) lay down rules to further regulate organisations which are not registered;
(c) establish the forms for the registration of any organisation, certificates of registration and to establish the powers of the
Registrar in relation to registration and all related
Power of the Minister to make regulations.
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matters;
(d) establish forms and content of annual accounts and reports and methods of review;
(e) regulate foreign or international organisations carrying on activities in Malta and the forms and content for registration
and the terms and conditions of registration;
(f) lay down any rules in connection with foundations when used in commercial transactions including as collective investment
vehicles, as securitisation vehicles and as shipping organisations and for the regulation of all matters ancillary thereto including
legal rules applicable to units, umbrella structures and related matters;
(g) regulate administrators of organisations generally; (h) regulate the winding up of organisations;
(i) regulate the redomiciliation or continuation of organisations;
(j) lay down any penalties for any breaches of the provisions of this Schedule;
(k) implement any international convention or any EU Regulation or Directive, to the extent necessary, to which Malta has adhered
to in the context of organisations;
(l) establish the forms and procedures to be used for appeals;
(m) lay down rules in relation to public collections by organisations;
(n) regulate the conversion an organisation having one legal form into that having another legal form;
(o) lay down rules on the powers of the Court in relation to the interpretation or variation of a statute and the administration
of an organisation; and
(p) lay down rules for the better carrying out of any of the provisions of this Schedule.
Interpretation. 25. Unless the context otherwise requires -
(a) the provisions of this Schedule shall only apply in
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the absence of rules on the same subject as may be contained in any special laws applicable to particular forms of legal persons and
in case of conflict between these provisions and the provisions of any special law, the provisions of the special law shall prevail;
(b) nothing in this Schedule shall imply the right to register as a legal person in the Register if the organisation is
already registered in another public register the effect of which is the grant of legal personality to such organisation, nor the
option to register as a legal person with a particular legal form in a register other than that stated in the special law applicable
to that form; and
(c) the Registrar shall not have jurisdiction in relation to legal persons which are the subject of special laws applicable to
their particular legal form unless expressly granted such jurisdiction in such special law or regulations made hereunder. The rights
and remedies applicable to such legal persons shall be regulated exclusively by the provisions of such special law and nothing in
this Title shall grant additional remedies in such cases.
(a) for the fulfilment of a specified purpose; or
(b) for the benefit of a named person or class of persons, and are entrusted to the administration of a designated person or
persons. The patrimony, namely assets and liabilities, of the foundation is kept distinct from that of its founder, administrators
or any beneficiaries.
Definition of foundation.
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Cap. 331.
Definition of association.
(2) For the purposes of this Title, the term "foundation" shall include all organisations, institutes or similarly titled
patrimonies which are set up through the bequest, endowment or appropriation of assets, by public deed or otherwise and howsoever
named, for a stated purpose or for the benefit of a named person or class of persons, to be achieved through a designated administrator
or administrators, but shall not include trusts as defined in the Trusts and Trustees Act.
(3) The assets of a foundation may originate from any lawful business or activity and may consist of present or future assets of
any nature.
(4) When a testamentary bequest is made having the elements contemplated in subarticle (1), a testamentary executor or the heirs
of a deceased person shall be deemed to enjoy the power to convert such bequest into a foundation having the same aims and
purposes as stated in the will, and register the same. The testamentary executor or heirs shall have the power, which shall be
exercised with the utmost good faith, to draft the terms and conditions of the statute of the foundation, designate the administrators
and regulate all matters which may appear to them to be relevant to comply with the requirements of registration and the wishes
of the testator.
(5) Pious foundations established for purposes as defined in applicable religious laws shall not be subject to or in any manner
regulated by this Schedule and shall continue to be regulated by the relative religious laws unless they opt to register as foundations
in terms of this Schedule in which case they shall be regulated by the provisions of this Code from such date.
(6) Foundations in the form of marriage legacies shall continue to be regulated by the laws in force on the 31st December,
2006 unless they opt to register as foundations in terms of this
Schedule in which case they shall be regulated by the provisions of this Schedule from such date.
(7) When a foundation is established exclusively for a charitable, philanthropic or other social purpose or as a non-profit
organisation it shall be referred to as a "purpose foundation" and when it is established for private benefit it shall
be referred to as a "private foundation". Unless evident from the statute, a foundation shall be considered to be a private
foundation.
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patrimony, namely assets and liabilities, if any, of the association being distinct from that of the members, its administrators or
any beneficiaries.
(2) Associations are not bound to register as legal persons but are entitled to do so.
(a) is established as a foundation but has features of an association or vice-versa; and
(b) qualifies for registration both as a foundation and an association;
it shall be referred to herein as a "hybrid organisation" and shall be regulated by the following provisions of this article.
(2) A hybrid organisation shall be bound to register as a foundation unless it amends its statute to that of an association prior
to the lapse of two calendar years from the relevant date.
(3) The administrators shall be bound to pay regard to the provisions of this Schedule on both foundations and associations in their
administration, and this until such time as the statute of the organisation is amended to clearly elect one form or other of organisation.
(4) Where action to modify the statute of a hybrid organisation is not taken by the founders or members, or it is impossible or
impracticable to do so, the administrators of a hybrid organisation may at any time apply to the Court to sanction such modifications
as are appropriate to clarify the legal form of such organisation either as a foundation or an association and the Court shall issue
such orders as it deems appropriate, including amendments to the statute and the name of the organisation, after considering all
evidence submitted to it and after hearing interested parties who may wish to make submissions.
(5) In reaching a decision in terms of the preceding subarticle, the Court shall inter alia pay regard to the initial intentions of the promoters, the purposes of the organisation and its current operations, the rights of
beneficiaries or members, the future fulfilment of its purposes and management of the organisation.
(6) The Court shall also have the power to order, upon application of the administrators, the re-organisation of the organisation
by the creation of other organisations whereby one or
Hybrid organisations.
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more promoters, founders, members or beneficiaries, as the case may be:
(a) cease to be treated as founders or otherwise of a foundation and, or form an association with the sole purpose of supporting
the said foundation or enjoying the benefits of membership; or
(b) cease to be treated as members of an association and, or form a foundation to achieve the stated purposes without any benefits
of membership; or
(c) direct otherwise so as to ensure the effective achievement of the initial purposes of the organisation.
(7) In making such an order the Court shall ensure that neither the purposes of the organisation nor any vested rights of any person
shall be affected, nor shall any obligations other than those freely undertaken by any person arise from such modification or re-
organisation.
Form and content of the statute.
29. (1) A foundation may only be constituted by virtue of a public deed inter vivos or by a will.
(2) The deed of foundation shall contain, on pain of nullity, an endowment of money or property worth at least five hundred liri
except in the case of a foundation established exclusively for a social purpose or as non-profit making in which case the endowment
shall be worth at least one hundred liri.
(3) When the property endowed is not cash or other asset, the value of which appears on the face of it, the administrators shall
declare, in a statement which shall be attached to the application form for registration, that in their considered opinion the property
endowed upon or vested in the foundation has a value of at least the amount required by this article:
Provided that a foundation which has been duly registered shall not lose its eligibility to remain registered if, subsequent to registration,
the value of its assets is reduced to less than the amount required by this article.
(4) The deed of foundation shall, on pain of nullity, state the following:
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(a) the name of the foundation, which shall include the word "foundation";
(b) the registered address, in Malta; (c) the purposes or objects;
(d) the constitutive assets with which it is formed;
(e) the composition of the board of administration and the names of the first administrators, and if not yet appointed, the method
of their appointment;
(f) the legal representation;
(g) the term for which it is established, if any;
(h) in the case of a foundation, the administrators of which are non-residents of Malta, the name and address of a person resident
in Malta who has been appointed to act as the local representative of the foundation in Malta; and
(i) in the case of a private foundation, either the names of beneficiaries, or, in the absence of such indication, a declaration
that the foundation is constituted for the benefit of beneficiaries. In the latter case the beneficiaries shall be indicated
in a written instrument, which need not form part of the public deed, called the "beneficiary statement", signed by the
founder and addressed to the administrators, and the same shall be authenticated by the Notary Public who publishes the deed of foundation.
(5) The statute shall be signed by the founders and any person subscribing to the statute after a foundation is established shall
be deemed to have consented to all the provisions of the statute and all rules which may have been validly promulgated by the foundation
until such date. In the event that more than three founders wish to establish a foundation, a statement may be made of this fact
in the statute and the signature of three founders on behalf of all founding members stated in a schedule to the statute shall be
sufficient to indicate the consent of all stated founders.
(6) The written consent of the administrators named in the statute to act as administrators of the foundation must be delivered
to the Registrar prior to registration of any foundation.
(7) It shall not be lawful to state a term in excess of one hundred years except in case of a social purpose
foundation, a
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foundation used as a collective investment vehicle or a foundation used in a securitisation transaction which may be established for
an unlimited term. When no term is specified, a foundation shall be valid for one hundred years from its establishment. In the event
that a longer term is stated in a deed it shall terminate on the hundredth anniversary from when it came into existence. The limitation
on duration also applies in the case a foundation results from the conversion of another organisation or of a trust in accordance
with this Schedule and any regulations. In such a case periods of existence shall be considered cumulatively.
(8) Article 1753(1) of this Code shall not apply to endowments in favour of registered foundations.
(9) Foundations established in accordance with this Schedule are not prohibited by articles 331, 757 to 761 and 1776 of this Code.
(10) Article 586 of this Code shall not affect any term of a foundation because it relates to the inheritance of the founder or
because the provisions relating to property belonging to the foundation are to take effect after the death of the
founder.
(11) Articles 688, 693 and 695 of this Code shall not operate so as to limit the effects of any provisions in a deed of foundation,
even when contained in a will.
Obligation to register.
Registration of foundations.
(12) The provisions of this Title shall apply to all foundations existing on the coming into force of this provision but existing foundations will not be obliged to comply with the requirements in subarticle (2) and shall comply with the requirements of subarticle (3) only upon registration. Nothing in this Schedule shall render invalid anything done prior to the coming into force of this law which was valid when done.
(a) in the case of a purpose foundation an authentic copy of the constitutive instrument is to be delivered to and filed
with the Registrar by the persons mentioned in subarticles (2), (3), and (4); and
(b) in the case of a private foundation the constitutive
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deed without the beneficiary statement, if any, and a note of reference referring only to the founder shall be filed with the Registrar.
(2) Where the foundation is created by a public deed an authentic copy thereof is to be delivered by -
(i) the founder; or
(ii) after having accepted to act as such, the administrators appointed in the said deed; or
(iii) the Notary publishing the deed.
(3) Where the foundation is created by a will, an extract of the relevant part, duly authenticated, is to be delivered by a testamentary
executor or by the heirs:
Provided that a testamentary executor may deliver the same even before being confirmed by the Court to act as such.
(4) Where the foundation is created by a secret will the said extract is to delivered by the Notary publishing the secret will or
by the heirs.
(5) The heirs mentioned in subarticles (3) and (4) who do not intend to declare or who have not yet declared their intention to
accept the inheritance or who have accepted the inheritance with the benefit of inventory shall nonetheless be liable for the delivery
of the said extracts but such delivery shall not of itself be evidence of the acceptance or the unconditional acceptance of the inheritance.
(6) The said delivery is to be effected within three months which period is to run -
(a) if the foundation is created by a public deed, from the date of such deed;
(b) if it is created by a public will, from the date of death of the founder; and
(c) if it is created by a secret will, from the date of the publication of the will.
(7) The said delivery may be made by any one of the persons mentioned in subarticles (2), (3) and (4), either personally or by an
authorized agent.
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(8) On receipt of the documents mentioned in subarticle (1), the Registrar shall -
(a) register the foundation, on being satisfied that all the provisions of this Sub-Title have been complied with; or
(b) refuse to register the foundation, informing the applicant in writing of the reasons for such refusal.
(9) The Registrar shall have the right to require any information from any person, if such information is deemed
by him to be necessary for registration of a foundation but, in the case of a private foundation, shall not be entitled to
request a copy of the beneficiary statement from the administrators or the Notary Public:
Provided that nothing in this subarticle shall limit any powers of the Malta Financial Services Authority under applicable law.
(10) If the delivery prescribed in subarticle (1) is not made within the period established in subarticle (6), the persons
mentioned in subarticles (2), (3) and (4) shall be liable to a penalty, payable to the Registrar, of one hundred liri each:
Provided that no person shall be liable for failure to observe this obligation if he is unaware of the death of the founder
or any other relevant fact.
Cap. 12. (11) The provisions of article 636(2) and (3) of the Code of Organization and Civil Procedure shall apply to the extracts contemplated in this article.
(12) Without limiting the accessibility by persons with a legitimate interest of the registration records of a private foundation and all information therein contained as well as any changes thereto, the Registrar shall implement procedures to ensure the privacy of private foundations, their assets, activities and beneficiaries.
Purpose foundations.
(13) The documents of private foundations, other than those which are registered, which may be in the possession of the Registrar shall not be made available to third parties without the prior written consent of the administrators, the supervisory council, if any, or the Court and only when it is satisfied that such third parties have a legitimate interest in the information.
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such a foundation unless the purpose is indicated in clear terms.
(2) A foundation may not be established to trade or carry on commercial activities, even if the proceeds of such efforts
are destined to social purposes, except that:
(a) a foundation may be endowed with commercial property or a shareholding in a profit making enterprise, a franchise, a trade
mark or other asset which gives rise to income, as well as a ship as long as the organisation is only the passive owner of
such assets;
(b) a foundation may, subject to such authorisations as may be necessary under applicable laws, be used as a collective investment
vehicle, and issue units to investors therein, for the passive holding of a common pool of assets, the management of which is delegated
to a third party, including a pension or employee benefit arrangement;
(c) a foundation may be used as a vehicle for the purpose of a securitisation transaction, borrow monies against the
issue of bonds and do all relative and ancillary acts; and
(d) nothing in this subarticle shall hinder the administrators from protecting the rights of the organisation in relation
to such assets or to delegating the management of such assets to a third party.
(3) The founder, or if permitted by the statute, an other body or person, may amend or add to the purpose of a foundation by means
of an additional public deed. After the death of the founder, the Court may authorise such amendment or addition to the purpose on
the application of any administrator, supervisory council or other interested party.
(4) The deed of foundation may indicate the way in which the moneys or property of the foundation may be used for the attainment
of the purpose for which the foundation is established and when no such indication is made the administrators may exercise their
discretion.
(5) The deed of a foundation may indicate how the assets of the foundation are to be applied if its purpose is achieved, exhausted
or becomes impossible and when no such indication is made, the administrators or the supervisory council may make specific
proposals to the Court for authorisation to use or dispose of the assets, unless the founder amends the purpose in terms of subarticle
(3). Any
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disposal of assets shall be made only to another purpose foundation with similar purposes.
Beneficiary foundations.
(6) When the dominant purpose of a foundation is to support a class of persons which constitute a sector within the community as a whole, because of a particular social, physical or other need they may have or disability they may suffer from, the indication of such a class of persons or one or more members of such a class shall not render it a private foundation but it shall be treated as a purpose foundation in terms of this article.
(2) The interest of the beneficiary under a foundation shall be deemed to be movable property even if it includes immovable property.
(3) The benefit under a foundation is personal to the beneficiary and subject to any applicable laws and only as
stated in the terms of the foundation, creditors, spouses, heirs or legatees of the beneficiary may have rights only to the extent
of the beneficiary’s entitlements under the foundation and have no other rights in relation to the assets of the foundation. Unless
otherwise provided for in the deed of foundation expressly, by the type of benefit granted to the beneficiary or otherwise, upon
the death of the beneficiary the beneficiary’s entitlement under a foundation shall not devolve to his heirs but shall terminate.
If the foundation terminates for any other reason at law the assets of the foundation shall, subject to the terms of the foundation,
devolve on the founder or his heirs at law.
(4) Private foundations must name:
(a) the class of persons entitled to benefit as clearly and as fully as possible; or;
(b) the person or persons entitled to benefit as clearly and as fully as possible, by specifying first names, surnames, identity
card numbers, father’s name, mother’s name and maiden surname and other relevant personal or family factors to eliminate
any doubt as to who the intended beneficiary is,
and if there are no beneficiaries identifiable or ascertainable as
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aforesaid the foundation shall, unless the foundation is a purpose foundation, be null and void or shall terminate. Such identification
need not be made in the deed constituting the foundation but may be made in a separate beneficiary statement in accordance with article
29(4)(i) of this Schedule.
(5) Persons who are not yet conceived at the time of the creation of a foundation may be named as beneficiaries or form
part of a class of beneficiaries but their rights arise only once they are born viable.
(6) The founder of a foundation may also be a beneficiary.
(7) Subject to the terms of the deed of foundation, if the founders are still alive and capable of acting they may freely
amend the deed and substitute, add or remove beneficiaries:
Provided that no decision of a founder shall affect the validity of anything lawfully done by the administrators prior to such decision,
before he receives notice of such amendment, nor shall it affect or interrupt lawful acts in progress or lawful commitments made
and not yet fulfilled by the administrators.
(8) A beneficiary may be appointed - (a) subject to a condition; or (b) for a specified time; or
(c) up to a specified value of benefit, as a founder shall deem appropriate:
Provided that, if the founder is deceased, a beneficiary may apply to the Court requesting it to eliminate any condition or requirement
which is considered to be unreasonable paying regard to all the circumstances:
Provided further that persons unworthy of receiving under a will cannot receive as beneficiaries under a foundation.
(9) The terms of the foundation may provide for the addition of a person as a beneficiary or the exclusion of a beneficiary from
benefit at the discretion of the administrators.
(10) The terms of a foundation may make the interest of a beneficiary -
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(a) liable to termination; or
(b) subject to restriction on alienation or dealing; or
(c) subject to diminution or termination in the event of the beneficiary becoming bankrupt, or insolvent, or any of his property
becoming liable to seizure for the benefit of his creditors; or
(d) not liable to attachment under a garnishee order issued against the administrator or to termination without the prior
consent of the Court, when the interest is expressed to be for the maintenance of the beneficiary or as a pension.
(11) Where the benefit consists in an annuity or pension or the use and enjoyment of property and the enjoyment of fruits therefrom,
the terms of the foundation may make the interests of the beneficiary -
(a) subject to restriction on alienation or dealing;
(b) not liable to attachment under a garnishee order served on the administrators as garnishees; or
(c) not liable to termination without the prior consent of the Court.
(12) When the administrator is granted the power to add a beneficiary at his discretion, such power shall be valid on condition
that sufficient indication be given in the deed of foundation as to the class of which the beneficiary forms part. In the absence
of such indication the power shall be null and void.
(13) A person who may be appointed a beneficiary in terms of a power or discretion granted to the administrator shall not enjoy any
rights in relation to the foundation or vis-à-vis the administrator and shall not be considered a beneficiary in any manner until
appointed as a beneficiary by the administrator.
(14) It shall be lawful for an administrator to be granted the power to decide at his absolute discretion, which beneficiaries are
to benefit, the quantity of any benefit, at what time and in what manner beneficiaries are to benefit and such other powers relating
to the appointment, application or advancement of property of the foundation.
(15) A beneficiary in whose favour a discretion to distribute or appoint property may be exercised shall have no rights to specific
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property of the foundation until such time as such discretion is exercised by the appointment, application or advancement of such
property in his favour.
(16) A beneficiary may disclaim his whole interest in writing and such a disclaimer shall be irrevocable.
(17) Subject to the terms of the deed of foundation, a beneficiary may disclaim part of his interest, whether or
not he has received some benefit from his interest; in any such case, but subject to the terms of the foundation, a disclaimer may,
by the instrument by which the interest is disclaimed, be made revocable, and shall then be capable of revocation in the manner and
under the circumstances therein mentioned or referred to.
(18) Subject to the terms of the foundation, a beneficiary may, by instrument in writing, sell, charge, transfer or otherwise deal
with his interest in any manner.
(19) Subject to the terms of the foundation, the following rules shall apply where a foundation, or an interest under a foundation,
is in favour of a class of persons:
(a) a class closes when it is no longer possible for any other person to become a member of a class;
(b) a woman who is over the age of fifty-five years shall be deemed to be no longer capable of bearing a child;
(c) where any class interest relates to income and for any period there is no member of the class in existence, the income shall
be accumulated and, subject to article 29(7), shall be retained until there is a member of the class in existence or the class closes.
(2) Third parties, with the concurrence of the founder, the supervisory council, the administrators or, in default of such persons,
with the concurrence of the Court, may augment the endowment of a purpose foundation by a new endowment:
Provided that, when such augmentation by third parties is made by means of a will, failing concurrence by the founders, the administrators
or the Court, such a testamentary disposition is to be deemed to require the creation of a new foundation and the nominated
Augmentation of fund.
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administrators shall proceed accordingly.
(3) The administrators shall be bound to file with the Registrar, within three months from any grant, an inventory
or descriptive note of the assets added to a foundation but in the case of cash endowments, only a certified copy of the relative
bank deposit statement shall be filed with the Registrar.
(4) In case of a purpose foundation, endowments made to such foundations shall be deemed to be received for the purposes of the
foundation. In the event that endowments are received by such foundation in a regular manner in terms of a scheme which is registered
with the Registrar, it shall not be required that the administrators file a descriptive note on each occasion that an additional
endowment is made but that they shall file documentation on endowments on an annual basis.
(5) Endowments may be granted under a condition, for a fixed time or in accordance with express rules of a foundation. In the absence
of any indication every endowment shall be deemed to have been made unconditionally.
(6) Endowments to purpose foundations shall be irrevocable notwithstanding any term to the contrary in the deed of constitution.
(7) Unless expressly stated otherwise, endowments to foundations shall be deemed to be irrevocable. The fact that an endowment is
stated to be revocable, unless otherwise stated in the deed of constitution, shall not imply any limitation on the use or appointment
of the capital or income by the administrators. In the case of revocation, the grantor shall only be entitled to the balance of capital
which may remain unutilised.
(8) Where an endowment is made by two or more grantors jointly and expressed to be revocable such endowment may only be revoked
with the express consent of all the grantors.
(9) Revocation of an endowment shall not affect or invalidate acts already carried out or interrupt acts in progress, nor affect
commitments made and not yet fulfilled. Revocation of an endowment shall be suspended until such time as the administrators
certify to the Registrar that all commitments have been fulfilled and shall be deemed to refer only to such amount as shall not have
been utilised in fulfilment of such commitment.
(10) The revocation of an endowment shall not imply the termination of a foundation unless the effect of such revocation shall
C 893
result in the exhaustion of all the property of the foundation.
(11) If a foundation is the beneficiary of an endowment which is granted for specific purposes different from those of the recipient
foundation, the administrators shall seek new instructions from the grantor and if that is not possible they shall apply to the Court
for directions.
(12) The term "endowment" for the purposes of this Title shall mean any grant of money or other property, including rights
to money or other property, existing or which may arise in the future.
(2) Purpose foundations shall have at least three administrators or at least one juridical person acting as administrator.
(3) If the person nominated as an administrator in the constitutive deed is unwilling or unable to accept such responsibility,
then he shall, within fifteen days, notify his intentions in writing to the Registrar, the founder or his heirs and the persons named
as succeeding, if any. The taking of possession of any assets of a foundation shall imply acceptance to act as an administrator thereof
and in such a case the administrator is bound to confirm his acceptance in writing to so act on demand of any interested
person or the Registrar. Failure to do so within thirty days from a written request shall be a breach of duty by the administrator.
(4) Any person named or appointed to succeed in administration shall enter into the same obligations as if he were the person
named in the first place and shall notify the Registrar in writing upon taking up office. It shall be lawful for an administrator
upon taking up office, but not later than thirty days after, to notify in writing the Registrar and any interested parties of any
reservations he may have regarding anything relating to the foundation or the actions of the previous administrators and he
shall not be liable for any matters so reserved until such time as the reservations are operative.
(5) When administrators, both those originally named or those succeeding, have made any acts of administration, they are bound to
submit an account of their administration on relinquishing the administration in addition to such accounts as are required to be
submitted in accordance with applicable law. Such account shall be submitted to the succeeding administrators or in their absence
to the Registrar.
Administrators of foundations.
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Rights of the founder.
Supervisory structure or protectors.
(6) Unless the deed of foundation provides otherwise, administrators may be remunerated from the income or capital of the foundation. Such remuneration shall be in such amounts and in such manner as may be stated in the deed of foundation or in any agreement between the founder and the administrator or in accordance with applicable law. Remuneration may also be established by the Court on application of the administrator or any interested party.
(2) A founder may be an administrator of a foundation.
(3) The founder may also be the beneficiary of a private foundation during his lifetime:
Provided that when the founder is a beneficiary, such founder may not at the same time act as the sole administrator of such a foundation.
(2) The members of the supervisory council or protectors shall be appointed by the founder in the statute of the foundation or subsequently.
The deed of foundation may also provide for eventual substitution or replacement of the members of the supervisory council or protectors.
(3) The supervisory council or protectors shall not be considered to be administrators.
(4) Subject to the terms of the foundation, the supervisory council or protectors shall have the power to exercise supervision over
the acts of the administrators and may be vested with the power of appointment, removal, substitution or addition of administrators.
(5) The exercise of any action or discretion on the part of the administrators may be subject to the express consent
of the supervisory council or the protectors.
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(a) the founder; (b) the Court;
(c) the supervisory council or protectors;
(d) any other person who is vested with such right in the deed of foundation;
(e) subject to the terms of the foundation, any beneficiary of the foundation who is of full age and capacity,
or if a minor, to his lawful guardian or representative;
(f) subject to the terms of the foundation, any other purpose organisation or charitable trust referred to by name for the benefit
of which the foundation was established; and
(g) in case of a foundation established for a purpose, the
Attorney General or the relevant authority under applicable law.
(2) Subject to the terms of the foundation and to any order of the Court given for special reasons, an administrator or any other
person shall not be required to disclose to any person any document or information relating to a private foundation which -
(a) discloses the administrator’s deliberations as to the manner in which a power or discretion was exercised, or a duty conferred
or imposed by law or by the terms of the foundation was performed;
(b) discloses the reason for any particular exercise of such power or discretion or performance of duty or the material upon which
such reason will be or might have been based;
(c) relates to the exercise or proposed exercise of such power or discretion or the performance or proposed performance
of such duty.
(3) Unless the terms of the foundation expressly determine the time when and the method how beneficiaries are to be informed of
their entitlement under the foundation, the administrator shall be
Rights of the beneficiaries.
C 896
obliged to inform any beneficiary of his entitlement, in writing, within a reasonable time of his accepting to act.
(4) When the terms of the foundation grant a discretion in terms of article 33(9) of this Schedule, the terms of the foundation
may suspend, until such time as a discretion is exercised in their favour, the duty of the administrator to inform such beneficiaries
that they may benefit under the foundation or that they form part of a class of beneficiaries which may so benefit. The terms of
the foundation may also indicate the time when and the method of how such beneficiaries are to be informed.
(5) If the deed of foundation expressly provides for the notification of information to beneficiaries or to those persons that form
part of a class from among which beneficiaries may be appointed, without reference to any point in time, ascertained or
ascertainable, such term shall be construed as implying a duty of the administrator to inform such beneficiaries within a reasonable
time after the death of the founder.
(6) Should the administrator consider providing information as required by the preceding subarticles to be prejudicial to the beneficiaries
of the foundation or any of them, the administrator may apply to the Court and the Court may release the administrator from the obligation
to inform under such conditions as it may consider appropriate.
(7) The duty to inform as above provided shall not arise if the administrator is in possession of information which reasonably demonstrates
that those entitled to such information have already been informed or are already aware of such information.
(8) In the case of a purpose foundation, the duty to inform either unnamed beneficiaries forming part of a class or persons forming
part of a class of persons who may be appointed as beneficiaries in terms of a power of the administrator, shall not arise notwithstanding
the terms of the foundation unless, in case of the unnamed beneficiaries the administrator establishes that there exist less than
ten beneficiaries appertaining to such class of beneficiaries. Furthermore, in the absence of any indication to the contrary, the
unnamed beneficiaries or persons who may be added as beneficiaries in terms of a power shall be assumed to be persons who carry on
relevant social or other activities principally in Malta.
(9) The administrator shall carry out the duty to inform to the best of his abilities and at the expense of the foundation and in
the event it appears to the administrator that such exercise will be too
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costly or burdensome, the administrator may apply to the Court for directions and the Court shall be empowered to release the administrator
from such duty under such conditions as it considers appropriate.
(10) The suspension of the duty of an administrator to inform beneficiaries as provided in this article shall not reduce the rights
of beneficiaries or the duties and liability of the administrator towards such beneficiaries in terms of this Schedule or other applicable
law.
(11) Persons who may be added as beneficiaries in terms of a power referred to in article 33(12) of this Schedule shall have no right
of information until such time as they are appointed beneficiaries by the administrator pursuant to such power.
(2) In multi-founder foundations the rules on general meetings according to the provisions of article 52 of this Schedule shall mutatis mutandis apply.
(2) Unless the founder has expressly excluded such a right, a private foundation may be terminated on the demand of all the beneficiaries
of the foundation provided they are all in existence, have been ascertained and no one of them is an interdicted or a minor. If the
founder is still alive his consent shall be required for revocation by the beneficiaries. The founder may subject termination to
the consent of a person stated in the statute.
(3) Notwithstanding anything stated in the statute, after the death of the founder, the Court shall have the power to dissolve and
wind up any private foundation when requested by all the beneficiaries of the foundation if it is satisfied that
the continuance of the foundation is no longer necessary to achieve the intentions of the founder.
(4) The statute of a foundation may provide that it is revocable:
Provided that revocation shall not affect or invalidate acts
Multi-founder foundations.
Revocation of a foundation.
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already lawfully carried out or interrupt lawful acts in progress. Nor shall revocation affect lawful commitments made and
not yet fulfilled. Termination upon revocation shall be suspended until such time as the administrators certify to the Registrar
that all lawful commitments have been fulfilled.
(5) The express reservation by the founder of the right to revoke a foundation shall not be exercisable by the heirs or
spouse of such founder unless expressly provided otherwise in the deed of foundation. Without prejudice to any other remedies available
at law, creditors of the founder may not exercise the right to revoke a foundation.
(6) Purpose foundations may only be constituted in an irrevocable manner and any clause in the statute reserving the right to revoke
the foundation shall be disregarded:
Provided that a power of the administrators to apply the proceeds to another purpose when the stated purpose has been achieved or
is no longer possible shall be valid:
Provided further that the reservation by the founder of a right to maintenance for himself and his immediate family, in case of need,
from the funds of the foundation established by such founder shall also be valid and in such case the Court shall have the exclusive
right to determine whether the funds of the foundation may be used for such maintenance.
(7) When a foundation is terminated, the procedures in article
59 of this Schedule for voluntary winding up of an organisation shall be observed.
Powers of the Civil Court in its voluntary jurisdiction in relation to foundations.
Variation of the terms of the deed of foundation by the Court and approval of particular transactions.
(8) Termination of registration shall imply termination of the foundation and upon notice or upon otherwise becoming aware thereof, the Registrar shall proceed to strike off the foundation.
(a) any person incapacitated at law having directly or indirectly, an interest, whether vested or contingent, under the foundation;
or
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(b) any person, whether ascertained or not, who may become entitled, directly or indirectly, to an interest under the foundation
as being at a future date or on the happening of a future event a person of any specified description or a member of any specified
class of persons; or
(c) any person unborn; or
(d) any person in respect of any interest of his that may arise to him by reason of any discretionary power given to any one on
the failure or determination of any existing interest that has not failed or determined;
any arrangement, by whomsoever proposed and whether or not there is any other person beneficially interested who is capable of assenting
thereto, varying or revoking all or any of the terms of the foundation or enlarg ing the powers of the administrators of managing
or administering any of the foundation’s property.
(2) The Court shall not approve an arrangement on behalf of any person coming within subarticle (1)(a), (b) or (c), unless it is
satisfied that the carrying out of such arrangement appears to be for the benefit of that person.
(3) Where in the management or administration of a foundation, any sale, lease, pledge, charge, surrender, release
or other disposition, or any purchase, investment, acquisition, expenditure or other transaction is in the opinion of the Court expedient
but the same cannot be effected by reason of the absence of any power for that purpose vested in the administrator by the terms of
the foundation or by law, the Court may confer on the administrator, either generally or in any particular circumstance, a power
for that purpose on such terms and subject to such provisions and conditions, if any, as it thinks fit, and may direct in what manner
and from what property any money authorised to be expended, and the costs of any transaction, are to be borne.
(4) An application to the Court under this article may be made by the administrator or by any beneficiary.
(2) The Court may also, if it thinks fit - (a) make an order concerning:
Other powers of the Court.
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(i) the execution or the administration of any foundation; or
(ii) the administrator of any foundation, including an order relating to the exercise of any power, discretion or duty of the administrator,
the appointment or removal of an administrator, the remuneration of an administrator, the submission of accounts, the conduct of
the administrator and any payments into the Court; or
(iii) any beneficiary or any person having any connection with the foundation;
(b) make any declaration as to the validity or enforcement of a foundation;
(c) rescind or vary any order or declaration made under this Title, or make any new or further order or declaration.
(3) An application to the Court for an order or declaration under subarticle (2) may be made by the administrator or by any beneficiary
or by the Attorney General or by any other person having a lawful interest:
Provided that in cases where the duty to inform a beneficiary of his interest in a foundation has been suspended in terms of article
36 of this Schedule and until such suspension is in force, and in the absence of any other person appointed to supervise the administration
of a foundation, the founder of a foundation may also make an application to the Court in terms of this subarticle. Whilst dealing
with such application the Court may determine whether the suspension of rights to information as aforesaid be maintained in
force in full or in part for all or some of the beneficiaries.
(4) Where the Court makes an order for the appointment of an administrator or administrators it may impose such conditions as it
thinks fit.
(5) Subject to any order of the Court, an administrator appointed by the Court under this article shall have the same powers,
discretion and duties as if he had originally been appointed an administrator by the deed of foundation.
(6) Where any Court makes an order on the demand of a beneficiary who has been prejudiced as a result of bad faith on the part of
the administrator in the operation of a foundation, the Court
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shall have the power to restore the position to what it would have been had the action complained of not been taken or otherwise to
protect his interests.
(7) When a person domiciled in Malta is obliged to pay maintenance in terms of this Code and is a beneficiary under a foundation,
the Court shall have such powers as are necessary to review the exercise of discretion by the administrator to give due consideration
to the rights of persons entitled to claim maintenance.
(2) Such decrees, orders, declarations or directions shall remain in force until they are substituted or varied by the Court
in either its voluntary or contentious jurisdiction.
(3) During the hearing of an application before the Court the administrator or applicant shall at the earliest opportunity disclose
to the Court all material facts known to him which may be relevant to the application including the existence of any res judicata or pending judicial action given or commenced in Malta or before a foreign court.
(4) All applications to the Court shall be notified to the administrator and the applicant shall furthermore notify all persons who
he considers having an interest in the subject matter of the application. The Court shall have the power to order notification to
all other persons who it considers may have an interest as it deems fit.
(5) The Court shall hear the administrator and any interested parties as it considers appropriate.
(6) Without prejudice to any other power given to the Court by virtue of the foregoing provisions of this article or of any other
law, where an administrator neglects or refuses to perform any duty or to comply with any order of the Court, the Court may, on such
terms and conditions it may deem appropriate, order that the required action be executed, made or done by such person as the Court
may appoint for the purpose, at the cost of the administrator in default, or otherwise as the Court may direct; and anything so executed,
made or done shall operate and have effect for all purposes as if it had been executed, made or done by the administrator.
45. (1) All proceedings under these articles in relation to a private foundation shall be held in camera and only the parties to the proceedings, the administrators, the beneficiaries, if they prove they
Appeals, enforcement and hearings.
Confidentiality.
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have an interest in the proceedings to the satisfaction of the Court, and their respective advocates and legal procurators shall be
allowed in Court during the hearings.
(2) Any decree or judgement of the Court shall preserve the confidentiality of the proceedings and shall only reveal such facts
as may be necessary to make the same intelligible and enforceable by the parties and the administrators.
(3) All applications, responses, affidavits, opinions, statements and other documents or evidence shall be kept
by the Registrar of the Court in a confidential manner and no access shall be given thereto except with the written consent of the
Court.
Rules of Court. Cap. 12.
Conversion of foundations into trusts and vice versa.
(4) When information, or a document or information therein, is considered to be confidential by a party to any proceedings in relation to other parties to the proceedings it shall be lawful for the Court to hear only such party prior to ordering the disclosure or otherwise of such information and if the Court is satisfied that the other party or parties to the proceedings have no interest in the information considered to be confidential or that it has no bearing on the matter being addressed by the proceedings, the Court shall order that such information shall not be disclosed in the proceedings.
(a) the consent in writing of:
be; and
(i) all trustees or administrators, as the case may
(ii) all beneficiaries with fixed interests under the trusts or having similar rights under the foundation; and
(iii) any other person appointed in the trust instrument or deed of foundation, as the case may be, whose consent may be
required for the taking of material decisions in relation to the relevant assets; and
(b) by executing a deed of foundation or instrument of trust in the appropriate form and with content so as to faithfully reflect
the intentions of the settlor of the trusts or the founder of the foundation and the rights of beneficiaries as the case may
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be.
(2) When a foundation is converted into a trust, the trustees of the trust shall be bound to cancel the registration of the foundation
within thirty days of the receipt of all consents required in the preceding subarticle and this by the filing with the Registrar
of a notice as may be prescribed.
(3) When a trust is converted into a foundation, the administrators of the foundation shall be bound to execute a public deed and
register the foundation within thirty days of the receipt of all consents required by this article and this by the filing with the
Registrar of the documents required by this Schedule.
(a) for the purposes of promoting private interests;
(b) for the purposes of promoting a trade or profession; (c) for the achievement of a social purpose; or
(d) for the carrying on of any lawful activity on a non- profit making basis.
(2) When established for the promotion of a private interest an association of persons shall be regulated by -
(a) the provisions of Title X of Part II of Book Second of this Code relating to civil partnerships;
(b) the special laws relating to commercial partnerships; (c) the special laws relating to particular professions;
(d) the special laws relating to unions and employer associations; and
(e) the special laws relating to co-operatives, as the case may be.
(3) When a private association is established for other purposes which are identified in any special law applicable
to the form or purpose chosen by the promoters of such association, such
Types of associations and applicable law.
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private association will be regulated by the provisions of such special law.
(4) When established for the achievement of a social purpose or as a non-profit making organisation, an association shall be regulated
by the provisions of this Title and the provisions of any special law relating to voluntary organisations.
Form and contents of the statute.
(5) Subject to article 10 of this Schedule, all associations shall be eligible to register under the provisions of this Title.
(2) The statute shall state the following for the association to be eligible for registration:
(a) the name;
(b) the registered address, in Malta; (c) the purposes or objects;
(d) the method or process by which membership of the association is granted to applicants;
(e) the mode of procedure during general meetings;
(f) the composition of the board of administration and the names of the first administrators;
(g) the manner in which administrators are elected to and removed from office;
(h) the legal representation;
(i) in case of an association, the administrators of which are non-residents of Malta, the name and address of a person
resident in Malta who has been appointed to act as the local representative of the association in Malta; and
(j) the term for which it is established, if any.
(3) The statute shall be signed by the associating persons and any person subscribing to the statute after an association
is established shall be deemed to have consented to all the provisions of the statute and all rules which may have been validly
promulgated by the association until such date. In the event that more than three persons wish to establish an association, a statement
may be made of
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this fact in the statute and the signature of three persons on behalf of all associating members stated in a schedule to the statute
shall be sufficient to indicate the consent of all stated persons.
(4) The written consent of the administrators named in the statute to act as administrators of the association must be delivered
to the Registrar prior to registration of any association.
(2) The assets of an association may originate from any lawful business or activity and may consist of present or future assets
of any nature.
(3) Failure to specify a purpose shall result in the nullity of the agreement and the Registrar shall not accept to register such
an association until such time as the purpose is clear and unambiguous.
(4) The members of an association may add to the purpose for the achievement of which the association was originally created, by
extending it to cover such other purposes of a similar nature as are clearly set down in a second written instrument consented to
by such number of members as is necessary to amend the statute.
(5) A social purpose association may not have its purpose changed or extended to other purposes which are not also social purposes
and a non-profit-making association cannot change its statute to a private organisation.
(6) A restriction on the number of members which is proportionate to the physical and other resources of an association from time
to time or the existence of a membership committee with the power to accept or refuse new members in an association, shall not, on
its own, imply that such association is one for private benefit.
(2) Where the association is created by a public deed an authentic copy thereof may be delivered by the administrators
provided for in the said deed (when they have accepted to act as such) or the Notary publishing the said deed and the delivery by
any one of them shall suffice.
(3) On receipt of the documents mentioned in subarticle (1), the Registrar shall register the association on being satisfied that
all
Purposes.
Registration of associations.
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General meetings.
the provisions of this Sub-Title have been complied with.
(2) Other meetings may be convened by the administrators whenever they consider it necessary or when they have a request in writing
signed by at least ten per cent of the members. If the administrators fail to convene a meeting when so requisitioned, the Court
can order the meeting to be held and shall state the time and place of the meeting which shall be binding on the administrators.
(3) In the absence of specific provisions in the statute, at meetings of the members, decisions shall be taken by the majority of
those present at the meeting except that:
(a) when decisions are taken on the amendment of the statute such decisions must be supported by at least fifty-one per cent
of all the registered members on the basis of one vote per member;
(b) when decisions are taken to terminate the association or to donate to another organisation all of its assets, such decision
must be supported by at least seventy-five per cent of all the members; and
(c) when decisions are taken on the approval of accounts or matters involving the role or responsibilities of the
administrators, the administrators shall not be entitled to vote.
(4) Members may appoint proxies to attend a general meeting on their behalf and such proxy shall have the right to vote in addition
to his own if he is a member.
(5) When any members use their right to request a meeting in terms of this article, it shall not be lawful for the administrators
or the association to dismiss, retire or otherwise limit or reduce the rights of those members until after the holding of the requested
meeting.
Administrators. 53. (1) Unless otherwise stated or implied by the statute it shall be presumed that the administrators must be members of the organisation except in the case where the administrators are engaged under a contract of employment.
(2) The provisions of article 35 of this Schedule shall mutatis
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mutandis apply to administrators of associations.
(b) meet the personal status or qualifications for membership as set out in the statute;
(c) provide the necessary membership details;
(d) pay such membership fee as may be applicable or otherwise fulfil such conditions on participation as may be required by the
statute or rules of the organisation; and
(e) are otherwise admitted by the membership committee or a committee authorised by the general meeting of members to admit
new members, if any.
(2) Every person who is a member of an association shall be free to leave the association and such member cannot be subjected to
any liability, other than for unpaid fees, on leaving an association.
(3) If the number of paid up members of an association falls below three, the administrators are bound to proceed with a written
call for payment of dues to the members informing them that non- payment will lead to termination under this provision and on the
lapse of the said period, with the termination of the registration of such association in terms of this Title.
(4) Any expulsion procedure in a statute, except for failure to pay membership fees or to comply with other purely formal
conditions of membership, should cater for:
(a) the non-participation of persons with an interest in a dispute, in the decision to expel;
(b) the right of the member whose expulsion is sought to make submissions to the persons who are empowered to decide.
(5) If the statute of an association does not provide for the procedures mentioned in subarticle (4), the administrators shall be
bound to implement a procedure which respects the rules stated in the previous subarticle:
Provided that when an organisation’s administrators are involved in the dispute and cannot find independent members to
Members.
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adjudge a motion of dismissal, reference shall be made to the Court on such issue.
(6) The membership of a person in an association established for a social purpose or as non-profit making is not transferable or
subject to inheritance.
(7) Members may not have patrimonial rights to the assets of an association established for a social purpose or as non-profit
making and are not entitled to any compensation on retirement or expulsion or on winding up of the association.
Endowments. 55. (1) The provisions of article 34 of this Schedule shall apply to endowments to associations.
(2) Membership fees are not endowments and shall not be treated as such nor shall they be refundable except as expressly stated in the statute.
Termination. 56. (1) An association shall exist until it is terminated in accordance with the provisions of its statute or in terms of this Title unless the members, upon being given thirty days’ written notice of termination by the administrators, amend the statute to establish other purposes to which the property of the association may be dedicated.
(2) The termination of an association shall not affect or invalidate lawful acts already carried out nor interrupt lawful
acts in progress. Nor shall termination affect lawful commitments made and not yet fulfilled. Termination shall be suspended until
such time as the administrators certify to the Registrar that all lawful commitments have been fulfilled.
(3) In the case of associations established for a social purpose or as non-profit making, any assets on termination must be donated
by the administrators to another organisation with similar purposes and failing such action, subject to the power of the Court to
give directions, they shall be disposed of in favour of such organisation as may be designated by the Minister responsible for social
policy by notice published in the Gazette which shall apply the same to a similar purpose or as may be provided in applicable
law.
Termination of registration.
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statement of accounts, declaring the assets and liabilities of the organisation and stating how they are to be dealt with on termination
of registration.
(2) The termination of registration shall not imply the winding up of an organisation. Organisations may continue as unregistered
organisations subject to the application of the relevant rules of this Schedule.
(3) Any interested party or any competent authority may, in accordance with the provisions of this Title, apply to the Court for
the termination of registration and, or the cessation of an organisation.
(4) The termination of registration of an organisation on the order of the Court, on the basis of grounds which imply that the organisation
may no longer operate, shall include an order by the Court requiring the cessation of such organisation as a legal person and as
an organisation. In such a case such organisation may not continue to exist as an unregistered organisation.
(2) In this Sub-Title, the term "organisation" includes both those organisations which are registered and those which are not.
(2) A certified copy of a winding up resolution shall be delivered to the Registrar within fourteen days from when it is
passed.
(3) An organisation may be wound up voluntarily only if its assets exceed its liabilities and all its debts have been paid.
The administrators shall prepare a scheme of distribution of the remaining assets of the organisation which shall be notified to
the Registrar and all interested parties. It shall require approval by members, or in case of foundations, by the founder or the
beneficiaries, as the case may be, or in their absence the Registrar, before being implemented.
Winding up.
Winding up voluntarily.
Assets to be disposed in favour of the voluntary organisations fund.
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Dissolution and winding up when term expires, etc.
Winding up by order of the court.
(2) In case of dissolution and winding up of any private organisation and in the absence of an indication in the constitutive act how assets are to be distributed in case of winding up, the assets shall be paid to the beneficiaries or returned to the founder’s estate, after payment of all expenses, as may be determined by the Court after hearing the proposals of the administrators, the beneficiaries and any other interested persons, keeping in view the intentions of the founder. Unless the Court is satisfied that the founder intended the assets to be available to the beneficiaries, the assets shall be returned to the founder or his heirs at law.
(2) The Court may order the winding up of an organisation on an application to this effect if it considers it necessary in the public
interest or if the provisions of this Schedule or any other laws are not being observed by the organisation and the Court considers
the situation to be so grave as to merit such an order, the ordinary remedies for breach of laws not being sufficient
in the circumstances.
(3) In the case of a private foundation, the power to request its winding up in terms of this article shall be exercisable also
by the Malta Financial Services Authority.
(4) In the case of a purpose foundation which makes public collections, the power to request its winding up in terms of this article
shall be exercisable by any member of the public.
Appeal. 63. The Court shall outline the reasons for any order given under the preceding article and steps to be taken in relation to all assets of any relevant organisation, including the appointment of a liquidator for such organisation. The administrators and any person interested shall be entitled to appeal to the Court of Appeal within fifteen days of any such order.
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(2) In this Title "insolvency" shall mean the inability to pay its debts when due and for three months after a debt is
judicially acknowledged or admitted or if it is proved to the satisfaction of the Court that the organisation is unable to pay its
debts, account being taken of its assets and liabilities, including contingent and prospective liabilities.
(3) If the organisation does not have any administrators for more than six months and suitable persons are not appointed by the
Court on the application of any interested person, the Registrar shall proceed to demand from the Court an order for the winding
up of the organisation and the appointment of a liquidator. In the case of a private foundation such power to apply to the Court
shall also be vested in the Malta Financial Services Authority.
(4) Upon such order, the liquidator shall take over all assets of the organisation and shall notify all creditors, if necessary
by means of public notices, and shall seek appropriate solutions to any issue which may arise. The liquidator shall have the power
to dispose of all assets and pay all debts, observing the ranking order of creditors as provided by law in making payments to creditors.
(5) The liquidator shall consult the Court which shall give directions from time to time for the resolution of disputes and the
distribution of assets. The liquidator and any creditor may apply to the Court at any time for orders in the liquidation. The Court
shall have the power to give any orders it deems appropriate.
(6) The same rules shall mutatis mutandis apply in cases where organisations have been found to be operating illegally or are abandoned and the Registrar is unable to obtain
the co-operation of the administrators or other interested persons for the formal winding up of the organisation.
Winding up due to insolvency or other serious difficulties.
Cancellation of registration.
C 912
Revival of registration.
Effects of winding up on groups of organisations and cells.
organisation which shall thereby be struck off the Register and the organisation shall thereafter cease to exist.
The purposes of this Bill are to regulate legal persons, their registration, their administration as well as outline the relevant legal norms and to regulate foundations and associations in detail.
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URL: http://www.worldlii.org/mt/legis/laws/tcca2006n79262